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Saturday, December 27, 2025
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Softball Preview

Teams: UC Davis vs. Cal State Fullerton
Records: Aggies, 19-23 (6-9) ; Titans, 21-25 (6-8)
Where: La Rue Field — Davis, Calif.
When: Saturday at noon and 2 p.m.; Sunday at noon
Who to Watch: The Aggies recently won the weekend series against UC Riverside, with a recent 1-0 shutout victory in the weekend finale that showcased some fantastic pitching. The shutout was pitched by sophomore standout Justine Vela, who held the Highlanders to only two hits in seven innings. She got the win, improving her record to an outstanding 12-7. Her stellar pitching has resulted in a 2.18 ERA.

Vela has not only allowed very few runs this season, she has also completely dominated the batters. Vela has struck out 155 batters this season and only allowed 52 walks. This is gives her a respectable 2.98 strikeouts per walk.

UC Davis relies on solid pitching to win games, and Vela is definitely the ace of the pitching staff. Her ERA is currently fifth lowest in the Big West and she is third in the conference in strikeouts. With such noteworthy stats, the Aggies are always in a position to win the game with her on the mound.

Cal State Fullerton has a solid batting order. However, with Vela pitching in one of the three games, the Aggies feel confident that they can come out with a win in the series.

Did you know? UC Davis has three pitchers who have some of the lowest ERAs in conference. Sophomore Justine Vela, and freshmen Marissa Chapa and Leah Munden hold the fifth-, sixth-, and seventh-lowest ERAs respectively.

With such young but solid pitchers, the Aggies should have a great pitching staff headed into the future. The Aggies should try to capitalize on such stellar pitching, especially with the levels that these three are performing at now.

The Aggies’ lack of run support has prevented victories this season. However, if they can manage to turn their hitting slump around and get a few runs, the pitching staff seems more than capable of shutting down opponents’ offenses.

Preview: The Aggies have struggled a bit as of late, losing four in a row before winning the last two games of their weekend series in Riverside against the Highlanders. UC Davis seems to have fixed its problems though, and the last two wins against UC Riverside have shown that the Aggies have the ability to beat almost anyone.

Pitching has been key, with UC Davis pitchers allowing only one run in the final two games against the Highlanders. A one-run, complete game by senior Jessica Thweatt and a shutout complete game by Vela has shown the dominance of the UC Davis pitching staff.

With a stunning team ERA of 2.39, the record of 19-23 simply does not match. The reason lies with the struggling offense, which has only hit .233 as a team this season. They also have nine total home runs and 123 total runs scored. The Aggies only average about three runs a game. That gives the pitching staff very little room for error.

The offense is led by freshman Christa Castello and redshirt sophomore Amy Nunez. Castello is currently hitting .296, which is the highest on the team, along with 13 RBI. Nunez is tied for the team high in home runs, with three, and is hitting .279 with eight RBI. The Aggies must get some consistent offense from the rest of the players, including senior Kelly Schulze, who has three home runs and 13 RBI. However, she is only hitting .191.

The Aggie pitchers will definitely need to watch out for the two run-producing Titan batters, sophomore Eliza Crawford and freshman Melissa Sechrest. Crawford is batting an outstanding .318 with seven homers and 24 RBI. Sechrest is hitting .162, but has six home runs and 20 RBI. These are the two key batters in the Titans’ batting order. If the Aggies get these batters out, they should be in good position for getting a few wins.

— Kenneth Ling

Class expansion possible effect of 2020 Initiative

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When chemistry professor Dr. Carlito Lebrilla took a survey of where his 425 Chemistry students went to high school, he was shocked that 93 percent of the people in his lecture hall answered ‘in California.’

“That is not very international,” Lebrilla said. “If we want our students to know the world better, I think we need to be a lot more international than we are now, and I think this will really open up that opportunity for us.”

Lebrilla is referring to Chancellor Linda Katehi’s proposed 2020 Initiative, which has been widely discussed by the UC Davis community for the past year.

Major points of the initiative include an increase in the current undergraduate population by 5,000 domestic and international students, along with an increase in faculty by 300 and corresponding adjustments in facility sizes on campus by the year 2020. Specific allocations of said resources are to be determined in May.

“I see this as a real opportunity, getting more resources, setting up new programs, strengthening existing programs,” Lebrilla said. “It can make a big change in the university. I think to us, being international has always been there, but this is actually a little bit more than that.”

There are many questions about the current plan, including how an increase in students will affect four-year academic plans, specifically regarding the ability to graduate on time and register for classes. The 2020 Initiative has increased concern that the corresponding increase in faculty may not be able to offset the current difficulties with class sizes.

“We’re doing our best, but we’re going to need more help. I don’t know how far we can push this,” said computer science professor Dr. Premkumar Devanbu, who has recently seen a 40 to 50 percent increase in his class enrollment. “There are compromises that are being made already. We need more staff and resources if we are going to reach these goals.”

Students in impacted majors claim that they are frequently unable to get into required classes, and therefore end up needing to stay enrolled in classes for more than the expected four years. Other majors, mostly housed in the College of Engineering, often take longer to complete because of high unit requirements.

Third-year biomedical engineering major Murtiza Taymuree recently found out that he would have to stay at UC Davis for an extra quarter to finish his major.

“I think it’s just the coursework for engineers; you have to take a lot of classes and if you miss a class, you would be pretty far behind because they don’t always offer them every quarter,” Taymuree said. “For me to stay longer, it was always kind of expected.”

Although Taymuree considers himself “pretty lucky,” having gotten into most of his classes off of the waitlists, he does think that an increase in students by the year 2020 may raise pressure on the student body.

“If you were to add all those students, you would have to have bigger lecture halls and more [teaching assistants] to help out the professors,” he said. “That way, you’re still keeping that aspect of socialization, but you’re growing.”

Leaving UC Davis later than initially planned can affect graduate school plans, too.

“If you have to stay in college for an extra quarter, that kind of puts you back a whole year for applying to graduate schools or any other specialization,” Taymuree said.

For many first-years, the main concern with the proposal is its effects on class registration.

Pass 1 for first-year computer science and engineering major Shivani Singh has been scheduled for the last hour of each registration period all year — a time at which most classes are filled and have long waiting lists.

“It’s just the basic classes that are difficult because there are so many people that need to take them,” Singh said. “I have to talk to my advisor all the time; it’s a hassle for me.”

After being unable to register for several required classes during Fall and Winter Quarters, Singh went off the normal engineering track and took classes that weren’t required for her major, including a workload math class to compensate for not getting into Math 21A.

“I can take GE classes, but I need to get started [on my series] so that I can start taking my upper division classes by the time junior year comes around,” Singh said.

As a solution, many students would prefer to have an increased number of small class sections over fewer larger classes, and hope that the 2020 Initiative will be an opportunity for class size reduction.

“I do think that class size affects how well someone does in a class. Especially for something like engineering — you need to be able to ask questions and make sure you can understand concepts,” said third-year aerospace engineering major Otelo Contreras. “When it’s 300 people, a lot of people are too shy to ask questions. It’s definitely like a confidence issue, and I assume the class size has a lot to do with it.”

From the staff perspective, some faculty members want to be sure that UC Davis’ high standard of teaching is not lowered with the changes.

“This campus has always emphasized teaching,” Devanbu said. “Hopefully [the initiative] will be done in a way that doesn’t impact teaching quality. You have to balance the current demands for teaching with where the university is going to be in the future.”

Devanbu said personal contact is the most important part of teaching in large classes, and has recruited undergraduate volunteer tutors to hold office hours every week in addition to his own.

“I think the challenge of these big classrooms is basically to improve contact hours and provide opportunities for personal interaction,” Devanbu said. “I think we will have to work at it and make sure it happens. We don’t want to take [personal contact] away, because then what’s the difference between us and massive online courses?”

Lebrilla doesn’t think his teaching style will change even if the lecture halls were to get bigger.

“Davis has been much more undergraduate-focused and I think that culture is still here, and I don’t think that is going to change with the size of the student body,” Lebrilla said. “The contact will definitely be decreased when there’s a lot of students, but once you reach the threshold of 100 or 200 [students], then the feeling is the same. If they’re afraid to ask [a question] in a class of 400, they’re going to be afraid to ask in a class of 700.”

Lebrilla said the current problem with UC Davis is the lack of resources, not size, as demonstrated by successful universities across the country with over 40,000 undergraduate students.

“This can be an opportunity both for the domestic and international students,” he said. “We don’t have enough money to deal with the students we have now, but if that cost is helped by having these new students pay full fare, then that helps everyone.”

In the event that the 2020 Initiative has negative effects on class sizes, the faculty is already finding ways to avoid them. Professors across many disciplines are adapting to interactions with many students at once through new teaching methods.

This quarter, 350 students in Devanbu’s ECS 30 class will transition to the flipped model of learning, which incorporates online resources and in-class group activities to foster discussion and participation.

Lebrilla has tried to become more connected to his students through Twitter accounts and frequent clicker questions in lecture.

“There are things that you can do and that we try to do to still have that contact. Here in Davis, we really do try to have a certain faculty-student ratio,” Lebrilla said. “Certainly I wouldn’t be in favor of having a class size of 700 students.”

RITIKA IYER can be reached at features@theaggie.org.

Column: Instrumentalist Equality Now!

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As I sift through the myriad of magazines lining the back wall of CVS, my hand catches the corner of an askew publication and knocks it to the ground. I pick it up nonchalantly and catch a glimpse of the contents within. To my genuine astonishment, the $6.99 collective of glossy pages is completely filled with One Direction glamour shots, complete with perforated edges for quick access to the numerous headshots of Harry Styles. I turn to my friend from down the aisle and reveal my finding. The unexpected response:

“I love that band! They’re so hot!”

Two weeks later, I’m wandering through the many drunken masses of the West Quad on Picnic Day, enjoying a young rock band flood the landscape with pleasurable tunes. As I muse on the expensive sonic equipment the up-and-coming act is packing, I overhear a sentence that catches my attention.

“I like this band, that guy is cute!”

A hypothesis forms in my mind. Casually, I turn to the girl and ask one final question — “Do you like Maroon 5?”

“Oh my God yes, Adam Levine is so damn sexy.”

It goes without saying our system of popular music production is inherently flawed. Instead of supporting artists of genuine talent, we promote easily digestible and gratuitously lame content that young adults can throw their money at. The music is bad, yes, but extremely marketable. What isn’t so apparent, however, is a hidden technique used to keep young customers salivating for boy bands and Biebers well into young adulthood: disenfranchising women as listeners and instrumentalists from an early age.

When magazines such as the one I found at CVS and beyond prime young women into idolizing the aesthetic appeal of a contemporary artist instead of their musical talent, the effect ripples out and hurts the popularity of credible bands struggling to find the same mainstream success. If Morrissey was just starting off today, it’s more than likely the Smiths would have the door slammed in their faces for not being sexy enough.

The attack on female listenership comes from two fronts. Not only are they spoon-fed male heartthrobs as idols, women artists are given few options when it comes to pop-world success. For the mind of a young girl, she is now made to believe what is good music, and that this good music is the province of men. They are encouraged to follow another route.

When females show interest in music at an early age, they are overwhelmingly expected to pursue “softer” instruments such as the piano, violin or cello. Unfortunately, these instruments aren’t featured as heavily as their “unladylike” counterparts in contemporary American music. As a result, you rarely see a guitar-wielding female superstar selling out the ARCO Arena.

Women have come to dominate in less lucrative genres such as jazz and classical, with Yuja Wang outplaying any respectable male pianist by a mile and Esperanza Spalding making Flea look like a beginner on the bass.

However, these genres are overwhelmingly underappreciated and their musicians are hardly ever lauded as role models for young, impressionable girls.

Females are, however, encouraged to sing. Unfairly, female singers are judged disproportionately to men, with listeners looking hyper-critically at their ability to belt and croon like superstars such as Whitney Houston. An “amazing” male singer would be considered mediocre by female standards, yet the iTunes marketplace is currently being flooded with perfectly mediocre “amazing” male singers playing in perfectly mediocre bands. Why?

Because they’re hunky. Thus, they’re accepted. Many young female audiences don’t know how else to judge pop artists because society hasn’t taught them to. I don’t blame teen girls for turning to Bieber. How could they appreciate Arcade Fire or Janelle Monáe if the education isn’t there in schools, on the radio or in the home?

Of the top 10 highest-paid female artists in 2012, only Lady Gaga made the list for singers who are also virtuoso instrumentalists. This naturally does not negate the artistic genius of powerhouses like Beyoncé and Adele, but merely supports the trend that females are expected to follow specific, approved paths if they want to pursue contemporary music as a career.

Conversely, nine of the top 10 grossing artists (in general) from 2013 are male or comprised of multiple males, with six known for displaying virtuosity with an instrument (U2, Bon Jovi, Elton John, Paul McCartney, the Eagles and Dave Matthews). Lady Gaga was both the only female artist to break this list and show she can play the living shit out of a piano. I never thought I’d say this in my lifetime, but go Lady Gaga.

Of course, there are notable exceptions to the trend. Norah Jones, Alicia Keys and Diana Krall have found fame with the piano as well as their vocals. Unbeknownst to most, Aretha Franklin was a wonderful pianist. Bonnie Raitt still holds the title of queen of the slide guitar.

But when it comes to chart-topping, pop performers of the age, the selection is sadly sparse. When Janis Joplin, Joan Jett and Meg White (who is not the greatest drummer but notable for successfully breaking into the punk/indie rock scene) are some of the only role models young female pop instrumentalists can turn to, the future looks grim. Instead, they are pushed to sing, to focus on the right “look” and are force-fed images of beautiful men posing with polished guitars.

This trend is toxic, effectively spraying newer and younger generations of listeners with poison and slowly cutting off interest in genuine talent at the roots. As time passes, a good majority of female listenership will be completely controlled by greedy music producers. Plastic boy bands will become the standard, and newer artists will struggle to find a foothold in annals of contemporary music history.

ADAM KHAN is an advocate of instrumentalist equality. Let him know if he’s actually just a sexist at features@theaggie.org.

Editorial: (Social) media blunder

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Two bombs brought the Boston Marathon to a tragic conclusion on April 15. One day later a Reddit user created the subreddit, or forum, called “r/findbostonbombers” in an effort to crowdsource the investigation and identify those responsible for the attack.

The subreddit was created to sort through the images from the attack and pass relevant information to the FBI. This did not happen. What happened was a witch hunt.

Reddit, Twitter and other social media platforms incorrectly identified suspects, singled them out and released their personal information in the course of their amateur investigation. The media, new and old, posted this speculation, hoaxes, rumors and misinformation as fact. As both news writers and consumers we are appalled.

The Boston Bombing unleashed a raging scene of chaos that was only stoked by unceasing speculation by social media platforms and the traditional media. We saw the abandonment of journalistic ideals as new outlets fought to be the first to break the news.

According to the Washington Post, the FBI released photographs of the suspects in part as a response to Reddit and the media’s unprofessional investigation.

Reddit identified a man in a “blue robe,” a man in a white hat, a man in a blue jacket, a man with a large backpack, two men who looked a bit too military and many more. Some of these people had their personal information posted online. None of them were the bombers.

The New York Post incorrectly identified the bombers twice and declared the death toll as 12, not three. CBS, AP, CNN, Fox News and many others incorrectly tweeted news of identifications, arrests, additional bombs and bombings. Buzzfeed, among others, identified missing Brown student Sunil Tripathi as a suspect based on allegations put forward on social media.

There is a time for breaking news, scoops and exclusives. There are ways to cover tragedies and emergencies while maintaining integrity. It should never come at the expense of the truth.

The Boston Bombing is unique not because it was an attack on American soil but because it happened in a time when social media has taken a step into the domain of traditional media. Platforms like Reddit are just as capable as the traditional media at disseminating information when things go viral.

This new model of information distribution places sites like Reddit and Twitter in the realm once reserved for journalism. These sites are unbound by the old media’s commitment to verification and reporting, and it seems as though the old media is becoming unbound as well.

We do not need a social media witch hunt every time a national tragedy occurs, nor do we need media outlets that cannot tell the difference between fiction and fact.

Column: One idiot’s guide to how a guitar works

First I want to talk about the air — and not in some mystical and ancient way like finding your qi. I literally want to talk about the gaseous fluid medium that we, human beings (about 7 billion) like to live in and breathe.

It’s nothing unusual or special, but it’s an important thing to consider that the air consists of a bunch of different molecules bouncing around. Like any other collection of matter, these individual particles interact with one another.

One very important interaction related to what we’re talking about is the propagation of waves. In the air, waves are simple enough. Something disturbs some air, knocking some particles around. Those particles then crash into the neighboring ones. In this brief moment, there’s a pocket of heavily packed air particles directly adjacent to a spot where there’s not so many. One could call this a high pressure zone next to a low pressure zone.

Since nobody is hanging on to all of these air molecules and keeping them this way, the pressure diffuses, and the high pressure zone becomes lower while the surrounding low pressure zones get a little more crowded until the two zones even out. This pattern repeats outward from the source of the disturbance, and the whole phenomenon is called a wave. As such, it can be described with wave-related jargon; high pressure zones, or where the wave has peaked, are crests, and low pressure zones, where the wave is at its lowest, are troughs.

I just threw a lot of words at you that might have gotten pretty boring pretty quickly, so we’ll talk about something fun: slinkies. The simplest way to visualize waves away from the beach is through a technique used by introductory physics instructors everywhere. Grab a friend, hand them one end of a slinky, hold on to the other end and move your end side to side. Ta-dah, you’ve just made a wave. Granted, it’s a longitudinal wave and mildly different from the transverse pressure waves I just described, but if you take a finger and flick a coil of the spring you’re holding, the little disturbance that you see bounce back and forth is a transverse wave.

On the note of making springs vibrate, a guitar string is essentially like a slinky! They’re all held under very high tension. Plucking one of these strings disturbs the air and sends a pressure wave through the surrounding air.

Now, the reason guitars have six strings and all those frets is that the different strings have different tensions. Plucking them disturbs the air a different amount and changes the resulting wave that travels through the air. The reason all of the frets are there is that holding down the string to a different length also alters the tension and enables many different wave frequencies to be produced.

The resulting wave either gets bounced around the body of an acoustic guitar or gets picked up by the appropriately named “pickup” on an electric guitar. With an electric guitar, the pickups translate the waves into electrical signals that cause the speaker to make bigger, stronger waves of the same frequency. In an acoustic guitar, waves rattle around the body of the guitar, and positive superposition (fancy word for waves of the same sorts hitting one another just right and becoming bigger) sends waves through the air, which rattles our eardrums.

Once the eardrum starts moving, it causes a set of very small bones to shake and translate the outside sound into pressure changes on the the cochlea, a fluid-filled organ that’s lined with sensory cells. When the stapes (U-shaped bone included in that set mentioned earlier) vibrates, those vibrations are transferred to the cochlea and disturb the sensory cells, which send impulses to the brain and let it know to express the particular sensations of warm fuzzies associated with hearing a guitar.

It’s worth mentioning that these same principles apply to all musical instruments: vocal cords vibrate when air passes over them and make waves, wind and brass instruments taper in current airflow to pass vibrations along a bell and disturb the surrounding air, pianos use percussed strings and drums use percussed membranes.

ALAN LIN can be reached at science@theaggie.org.

Sexy Feminism dubbed as ‘gateway drug to feminism’

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I must admit, in the beginning, I thought I would hate Sexy Feminism. With the subhead “A Girl’s Guide to Love, Success, and Style,” the cover words are superimposed over a close-up photo of glossy, sultry, slightly-parted lips.

It became very clear in the introduction that the book was for a very specific demographic when the authors self-identified as “shockingly mainstream” young women growing up.

So in other words, I was ready to get outraged. I had primed paragraphs in my feminist bandolier about the exclusion of the lower-class, mixed-race, disabled, genderqueer, androgynous lesbian: You can’t just ignore them! They’re here, they’re queer, write books about them!

But Heather Wood Rudúlph and Jennifer Keishin Armstrong hooked me with the second page of the first chapter, where they declared the first two steps of feminism: “Step 1: Call yourself a proud feminist. Step 2: Live up to the word.”

They put the beat-down on the “I’m not a feminist, but …” stance: “To distance yourself from the word is to imply there’s something wrong with feminism and/or feminists, an implication that leads to the continued denigration of the cause itself,” wrote Rudúlph and Armstrong.

Bless their hearts.

They sucked me in, with strong language, first-person plural and historical excerpts defining the waves of feminism or touting strong women in history. Sexy Feminism hits on the concepts of slut shaming, wearing makeup as a feminist act, supporting female co-workers in the workplace and more.

The two collaborated via Google Docs to write this 200-page book, and are now touring the country on a publicity tour for its release. They came to the Avid Reader in Davis Friday, April 19 to talk about and read excerpts from the book.

Sexy Feminism isn’t Rudúlph and Armstrong’s first creation. A lot of the information came from their blog, sexyfeminist.com, which was formally a web-based magazine, Sirens Mag.

“The site evolved as we evolved and grew into our writing voices and discovered ourselves as feminists,” Rudúlph said. “Our initial version of the website needed this book, and the 20-something versions of ourselves really needed this book.”

It’s true, this book is not for queers. It is not for trans* people, it is not for Women’s Studies majors writing their theses on Simone de Beauvoir and it is not for Pussy Riot, Femen, Amina Tyler or Malala Yousafzai.

“It’s for all the women who are like, ‘Am I allowed to call myself a feminist if I get a bikini wax?’ or ‘Am I a feminist if I go to Sephora all the time?’” said Armstrong. “So there is a very specific audience for this. One of the things we’ve continued to say throughout this book is just because we write about these topics doesn’t mean they are the most important topics facing feminism. Lip gloss and bikini waxes are absolutely not the most important issues facing women throughout the world, and we know that.”

A combination of “lifestyle guides and topics covered by women’s magazines” (Rudúlph and Armstrong both have journalistic backgrounds in pop-culture writing), Sexy Feminism is meant more as an introductory feminist manifesto. As Rudúlph put it, “Sexy Feminism is a gateway drug to feminism.”

“We had this guilty pleasure with lifestyle guides; we just really take great pleasure in them,” Armstrong said. “We love the idea of combining the idea of lifestyle guides topics normally covered by women’s magazines, but instead of making women feel bad about their lives, instead saying, ‘Here’s ways that you can make your life better through you, through feminism,’ and making it a positive force instead of a negative one.”

The hope is that young women will pick up or be given the book and, slowly but surely, things will start to fall into place. They will reach that “a-ha” moment, and the “I’m not a feminist, but …” phrase will become but a phase from their past.

“I see a lot more potential and hope in young women today,” said Rudúlph, “and whatever this next movement is, call it fourth-wave, call it whatever — women who are being feminist activists but are not identifying with the label because they’re still not sure what it means, but they’re still doing the real work. There’s a huge movement out there that is so encouraging, and we want to help encourage that.”

So give this book to your younger sister, your “feminist curious” friend or your mother-daughter book club. Sexy Feminism: It’s what’s for fat-free (and guilt-free) dinner.

TANYA AZARI can be reached at arts@theaggie.org.

Campus Judicial Report

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The smell of defeat
A student was referred to Student Judicial Affairs (SJA) by a Resident Advisor (RA) for possession of an illegal substance in the dorms. The RA was doing a routine check of his floor when he smelled marijuana at the end of the hallway. The RA conferred with another RA in the building and they decided to call a police officer. The officer arrived in the building and the RA directed the officer to the room. The officer knocked on the door but the resident would not open the door. After a few minutes, the resident decided to open her door and two students were identified. One student took full responsibility for possession and use of the substance and was referred to SJA. When the student met with the SJA officer, she accepted a formal warning and Disciplinary Probation until Winter Quarter 2014. If the student is referred to SJA again, she will most likely be suspended.

Double trouble
Two professors referred the same student to SJA for suspected plagiarism in separate anthropology courses. The student submitted three papers containing plagiarism between the two courses. When the student met with an SJA officer, the officer compared the student’s work with online sources that were very similar. The student admitted that she had copied most of the material from online sources, and stated that she was careless in tracking the sources she used for the papers. The student took responsibility for her actions and accepted Deferred Separation status and 20 hours of community service. Deferred Separation means that the student has waived her right to a formal hearing if she is referred in the future for any kind of academic misconduct. The student was also directed to resources that will help her avoid plagiarism in the future.

Trust no one
Two students were referred to SJA for taking an exam in the wrong sections for their Biology 2B class. The students were referred to SJA by a Teacher’s Assistant (TA), who confronted the students at the end of the exam. The TA told the students that they are only allowed to take the exam in their appropriate sections. In his meeting with a Judicial Officer, one of the students stated that he did not realize that this was a rule because he had not attended the first day of class when this announcement was made, so he just went along with his friend’s suggestion that they both take the exam in a particular section. Both students accepted Disciplinary Probation until graduation and 10 hours of community service. The students also received zeroes for the exam.

Editorial: Outcasting tomorrow’s leaders

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On Friday, April 19, the Boy Scouts of America proposed to lift the organization-wide ban on children who identify as gay while keeping the ban on gay adults as scoutmasters and other leaders.

With growing pressure from outraged activist groups and increasingly negative attention from the media, some would consider the century-old organization’s proposal to be a compromise between traditional values and progressive inclusivity. Gay children are taught the importance of proper knot-tying without the Boy Scout’s conservative blessing when the time comes for them to actually tie the knot later in life. Everybody wins, right?

The editorial board thinks otherwise. If passed, this decision would be one small step for LGBT equality and one giant leap backward for the mental well-being of queer children within the organization. In addition to making children who identify as gay feel inadequate, scouts will now have the luxury of being indoctrinated to believe that homosexuality is merely a childish phase one must inevitably grow out of. The organization is suggesting that like magic crystals and fairy princess castles, gayness is the stuff of youthful fantasy that must be rejected upon reaching adulthood in order to live a serious and functional existence.

Even more unfortunate is the fact that the news was dropped amid the national crisis of the Boston bombing, ultimately limiting potential public reaction.

We hope that the Boy Scouts of America take a moment to seriously reconsider the impact their proposal could have if passed. The fact that the organization believes this proposal is an adequate step forward demonstrates just how intolerant it really is. If they are serious in their commitment to inclusivity, age should be the first and most obvious extension of its reach.

The brain eating itself

It is unlikely that you hear the word “microglia” very often during your classes, and it’s even less likely that you know what it is. The UC Davis Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, or MIND Institute, studies microglia and has recently discovered a new role they play in our brains’ development.

Microglia are a part of the immune system for the body’s central nervous system. They are similar to macrophages (white blood cells) and are the nervous system’s primary defense against infection. Microglia also clear away dead cells and repair damage.

“Typically, microglia were thought to be stationary sentinels in the brain and were a part of the immune system,” said Stephen Noctor, an assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at UC Davis and the study’s lead author.

In other words, they were believed to be activated only when a problem occurred, but nobody discovered their role in our brains’ development until now.

At the MIND Institute, Noctor and his team found that microglia remove healthy neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by phagocytosis (eating). While this sounds counterintuitive, it means that the microglia will control the number of neurons in the brain to prevent brain overgrowth.

“We used antibody stains to label microglial cells in the brain and saw that the majority of [them] were in the germinal zones,” Noctor said.

This means that the microglial cells were found primarily in areas of the brain active in developing new brain tissue.

“We looked for evidence of interactions between the cells and found many instances in the developing monkey brain in which microglia appeared to be engulfing NPCs,” said Christopher Cunningham, a neuroscience Ph.D. candidate at UC Davis. “We also found instances where there were small bits of NPCs inside of microglial cells, suggesting that the microglia had engulfed the NPCs and then degraded them as they would degrade a pathogen.”

In the brain’s productive zone, NPCs produce neurons during development, but too many or too few neurons can lead to serious consequences. Too many and your neurons start to compete with each other for resources in your brain, creating connectional problems. Too few neurons and your brain will not function normally.

“Since many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia, involve alterations in microglial function and the number of neurons, we were intrigued by the possible link between this developmental phenomenon and the etiologies of these disorders,” Cunningham said.

After establishing that the microglia will eat healthy NPCs, the researchers’ next goal was to determine if changing the activity level of microglial cells could lead to a different amount of neurons in the brain.

Autistic children have been found to have larger brains on average, and schizophrenia patients have less-than-average grey matter. This is a significant investigative path to take, since manipulating microglial activity could, with extensive study, be a useful treatment or cure for these conditions.

The researchers also studied how microglial cells functioned in pregnant mothers and their unborn offspring by exposing the mother to different bacterial diseases, since these can affect microglial activity in the developing offspring.

“Schizophrenia has been linked to mothers having the flu during their pregnancy,” said Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño of UC Davis and Shriner’s Hospitals for Children-Northern California.

Using a rat model, the researchers exposed one group of rat mothers to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and exposed another mother group to the antibiotic, doxycycline (Dox).

Researchers found that infant rats exposed to LPS had heightened microglial activity, and therefore 20 to 40 percent fewer NPCs. The group exposed to Dox had reduced microglial activity and about 20 percent more NPCs. The different numbers of NPCs continued well after birth for the offspring. The prevailing theory is that the mother’s living conditions affect the offspring’s microglial activity.

“We also made slice cultures in which we labeled the NPCs with one fluorescent label and microglial cells with another fluorescent label and then watched their interaction in real time on a microscope. Watching the cells provided many instances in which microglial cells would contact an NPC, and then would quickly engulf and degrade the NPC,” Cunningham said. “In most instances, contact between a microglial cell and an NPC would represent a ‘kiss of death’ for the NPC.”

Yet there is still more to study about these microglia and the reasons behind their behavior.

“We still want to find the signal that the NPCs give off to the microglia, the ‘eat me’ signal,” Martínez-Cerdeño said.

This can lead to a better understanding of why the microglia actually consume and destroy healthy NPCs, which can eventually lead to understanding neurodevelopmental disorders and how to prevent, and treat them, in the future.

KELLY MITCHELL can be reached at science@theaggie.org.

News in Brief: Cross Cultural Center seeks art submissions for display

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The Cross Cultural Center is searching for artwork to display in its front Art Lounge and hallway. Any current undergraduate, graduate, staff, faculty or community member can apply to submit art to be displayed in the center.

Submitted artwork should reflect the Center’s mission: “… to foster a multi-cultural community through education and advocacy regarding systematic group oppressions, ethnic and cultural diversity, and establishing an environment of cross-cultural learning and exchange for the entire campus.”

For expectations, responsibilities and specifics of submission, visit ccc.ucdavis.edu/about/artlounge.

— Elizabeth Orpina

Power positions

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Haven’t we all pined over a sexy TA? The way they push their glasses up the bridge of their nose and come in front of the class, all charismatic and just irresistibly adorable? If your heart is totally fluttering now, then you’re probably envisioning your respective TA hottie. But is that allowed? Can our somewhat X-rated fantasies become reality? And what’s the deal with the forbidden fruit complex regarding student/teacher relations? What are the rules and limitations in these sexualized “power positions”?

Dating an authority figure — someone who has the ability to hire you, fire you, flunk you or pass you — we find this attractive. How can we not? As human beings we are inherently attracted to power. But under UC Davis rule, more specifically the Graduate Student Employment Handbook for Teaching Assistants and Associates, you can’t bite into that forbidden fruit and they can’t bite into yours.

This power that gets us all hot and bothered is described as heightening the “vulnerability of the student and the potential of coercion” in said handbook. COERCION! As in forcing you into the relationship! As in forcing sexual acts! As in abusing power!

But honestly, the threat of that and the possibility of consensually playing subordinate to a superior seems to only enhance the appeal. It tickles a whole lot of fancies. This is why we play teacher/student games behind closed doors — it’s hot. The fact that you can’t have it makes you want it.

Take a TA or even, if you are quite adventurous, a professor, and put them in a different context, and it loses appeal. Admit it — you take your object of desire and all-encompassing lust, put that person at a party or a bar and more than likely you wouldn’t approach them.

This is the major question you want to ask yourself before you pick that fruit or you let yourself be picked. Am I attracted to this person because of their power and the prohibited nature of it all? Or am I really attracted to them — do I seriously want to have sex with them because they are in fact sexy?

The latter happens more so than you think, and these extracurricular activities are quite rampant. TAs make advances, and whether it’s right or wrong is really your choice. Proceed with caution — coercion can actually happen, and not in the fun BDSM way, but in the they-can-fail-you way.

TAs can legally make advances toward you once they know that they are not responsible for any grading responsibilities for the present or the future — so make sure you are both in the clear before you respond to their flirty email or send yours. That is, if you want to follow the rules.

And if you want to unabashedly break the handbook guidelines, well you can. When proceeding with caution, all should be well. What is tantamount to treading lightly when executing these fantasies is making it consensual. You want it bad, but that doesn’t mean the cute small talk means your TA wants it at all.

Seduction can be and should be used in these instances. From experience and from stories, I know that a few flirty glances and suggestive banter is pretty standard. And better yet, effective. This is probably the best option and route to use if hottie TA has winked and pouted in your direction.

But don’t initiate. I don’t want you to venture into sexual harassment.

If you do initiate, the guidebook actually states that you can be reported, so you probably don’t want to go there — that might be the biggest cock block ever.

So let’s review: Do you really want to have sex with power player? Is it attraction or is it the forbidden fruit-complex that has you weak in the knees? If you want it, don’t be bold with your seduction — subtlety is key. Throw some feelers out there, and above all, keep it low-key and free of favors of the academic nature.

Sexual inquiries for MARISSA HERRERA can be sent to mdherrera@ucdavis.edu.

The Aggie Arcade

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A Day in the Life of an Immigration Inspector

The term immersion, as it applies to video games, often brings with it connotations of expansive landscapes, beautiful environmental vistas and compelling narrative developments. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim acts as a key example, in which the game’s greatest strength is the world itself and how players feel a strong connection to it.

Over the weekend, I was reminded that the successful execution of a unique idea can establish the same level of immersion, in spite of a limited scope and modest production values. This cognitive shift came as a result of my time with a recent indie game titled Papers, Please.

Described by creator Lucas Pope as a “dystopian document thriller,” Papers, Please transports players into the role of immigration inspector for the fictional country Arstotzka. I’ve played hundreds of video games in my lifetime, and never before have I had to admit or deny people entry into a country.

Oddly enough, I had a lot of fun completing the menial tasks that came with my new occupation. I verified documents, highlighted discrepancies, interrogated individuals and ultimately marked their passports with the appropriate stamps. I admit it sounds boring on paper, but there’s just something about noticing false names or missing worker permits that gives me great satisfaction. I did my new job well and deserved a pat on the back.

By the time the third or fourth day in the game came around, I really got into that immigration inspector mindset. This was important, since individuals started pleading for entry into the country despite invalid papers. One woman claimed to be visiting her sick son, but she had an expired entry permit and I had to turn her away.

Do I really have no sympathy for this poor woman? What’s the big deal if I let one person through? These thoughts briefly ran through my head, and I wondered if I felt some kind of repressed, Freudian pleasure from ruining people’s lives. But then I remembered my own responsibilities — doing my job correctly meant more money at the end of each day, which went toward heating, food and rent for my family. It’s an ingenious way of creating player incentive in the face of such tough moral dilemmas.

These simple mechanics help reinforce the immersion in Papers, Please and speak to the game’s ability to take a seemingly off-putting role (immigration inspector), and make it compelling, interesting and fun. I didn’t need fancy visuals or a huge open world in order to feel truly connected to the experience.

Papers, Please is currently available as a free beta on Pope’s website, but the designer hopes to finish the game in the next month or two with much more content. I can’t wait to get back in there and continue my job as immigration inspector for the glorious nation of Arstotzka.

ANTHONY LABELLA can be reached at arts@theaggie.org.

Four assembly bills drafted to modify Cal Grant Program

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On April 9, the Committee on Higher Education passed four Assembly Bills (AB) that aim to expand and improve the Cal Grants program — AB 1285, 1287, 1364 and 1241.

After a conference with The Institute for College Access and Success (TICAS), University of California Student Association (UCSA) president Raquel Morales collaborated with others in order to co-sponsor the bills.

“I think that all four bills aim to address current issues with the program. In doing so, we hope to expand the program both through the amount of the awards and the number of qualified recipients,” Morales said.

Assemblymember Paul Fong authored AB 1285, which would modify the Cal Grant B award. Cal Grant B funds are awarded to low-income students as a tuition, fee and living aid. First-year students are limited to using Cal Grant B awards for living expenses and school supplies. When students are granted the Cal Grant B award beyond their first year, the restriction is lifted and they are able to use the money to pay for tuition and fees. AB 1285 would modify Cal Grants by allowing all students to utilize Cal Grant B awards to pay for tuition and fees.

Morales said that she would be disappointed to see AB 1285 fail.

“When the program was first created, low-income students were expected to attend a community college and then transfer to a four-year institution,” she said. “As a low-income student, it is disappointing to see that the state has failed to recognize an increase of low-income students going straight to a four-year university. I hope our legislators recognize this fault within the program by supporting AB 1285.”

AB 1287 aims to remove requirements currently in place to renew Cal Grants and was authored by Assemblymember Sharon Quirk-Silva. Currently, students must provide evidence annually that they meet the financial requirements for Cal Grant eligibility. However, this requirement was nonexistent before 2011, when students were obligated to provide financial eligibility only when they initially applied for Cal Grants.

This renewal requirement has resulted in the loss of 20,000 previously-eligible Cal Grants recipients, according to a press release by James May regarding AB 1287. Of these affected 20,000 students, 1,200 students have had an increase in their income of less than $1,000. AB 1287 would ensure that eligible students continue receiving Cal Grants.

“Students can now conceivably lose as much as $13,000 in the middle of their college attendance if the student or their parents receive just a small bump in their income,” Quirk-Silva said in a news release. “This is having a devastating effect on students and potentially forcing many of them who still have a financial need to leave school for lack of funds or placing middle and low income families in dire financial straits.”

AB 1364, which focuses on increasing the minimum amount of the Cal Grant B award. Existing law establishes the maximum annual Cal Grant B award for access costs to $1,551; AB 1364 — authored Assemblymember Philip Y. Ting — would increase it to a minimum of $5,900. Access costs refer to living expenses, books and supplies.

The $5,900 figure is derived from the amount that Cal Grant B students would have received if it was adjusted to match the effects of inflation. AB 1364 would ensure that the Cal Grant award is annually adjusted to keep up with the current state of the economy, beginning in the 2014-15 academic year.

Assemblymember Shirley N. Weber authored AB 1241, which seeks to extend the Cal Grant period of eligibility by three years. Existing law only qualifies high school graduates for Cal Grants the year they graduate or the year after they graduate.AB 1241 would extend this period of eligibility so that students may apply for the Cal Grant Entitlement Program for four years after their high school graduation.

Moreover, the bill would permit students to re-apply for the Entitlement Program if they missed the March 2 Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) deadline.

“I think that all four bills aim to address current issues with the program. In doing so, we hope to expand the program both through the amount of the awards and the number of qualified recipients,” Morales said.

UCSA has sponsored AB 1285, 1287, 1364 and 1241 which are currently all in the Committee on Appropriations. The Committee on Appropriations serves to determine and allocate funds for bills. In order for the bills to be enacted into law they must first pass appropriations and then the California State Senate, according to Morales.
The California Student Aid Commission (CSAC) is a commission that aims to make education beyond high school financially accessible to all Californians.

“While our Commission has not taken an official position on any of these bills, we are certainly in support of any legislation that helps low and middle-income students gain access to quality higher education,” said Patti Colston, communications manager of the Office of the Executive Director for CSAC.
According to Colston, there will be a commission meeting on April 25 and 26 during which a position on the bills will be adopted.

“[Cal Grants need] more than just the 5 percent cut that Governor [Jerry] Brown did last year. We need to make sure that this program takes into consideration inflation and that it serves all of the students that are qualified,” Morales said.

LILIANA NAVA OCHOA can be reached at campus@theaggie.org.

Women’s Water Polo Preview

Event: Big West Conference Tournament
Teams: UC Davis vs. UC Irvine
Records: Aggies, 14-15 (1-6); Anteaters, 19-8 (6-1)
Where: Anteater Aquatics Center — Irvine, Calif.
When: Friday at 3:30 p.m.
Who to Watch: Senior Carmen Eggert has been one of the main goal scorers for the Aggies this season. Eggert is having a fantastic senior year as she has scored 71 goals this season in only 29 games played. To put this in perspective, her 2.45 goals per game average is the third-highest average in Big West Conference history. Also, her total of 71 goals this season is the sixth-highest single-season scoring output ever in the conference.

Such scoring production has certainly made the Aggies a dangerous team to play against. With an average of 9.3 goals per game, UC Davis is capable of scoring goals in a hurry. Eggert is certainly a major component in the offense.

However, Eggert’s offense is not solely dependent on her ability to score. She also has the ability to distribute the ball and create scoring opportunities for her teammates. Eggert has 23 assists this year, which is fourth highest on the team. She has been able to do it all this season.

As the Aggies face a tough UC Irvine team in the first round of the Big West Conference tournament, they will need to rely on consistent scoring and experience to beat the second-seeded Anteaters in Irvine. Eggert provides both of these things, as she is a senior with experience in tournament play and has a knack for scoring goals. She will be a big key to UC Davis’ hope of success in the tournament.

Did you know? UC Irvine has owned the Big West Conference tournament for water polo since the tournament’s inception in 2009. The Anteaters have won all four Big West Conference championships to date, racking up a perfect 10-0 record in tournament play.

UC Irvine also happens to have had all four of the tournament MVPs playing on its team. Thus, the Anteaters have a serious history of success in the tournament and are looking to add to their enormous trophy collection.

Last year’s final was a showdown between No. 1 seed UC Irvine and No. 2 seed UC Davis. Unfortunately, the Aggies were unable to come up with the win as they suffered a 10-5 defeat to the Anteaters. Maybe this year UC Davis can be the one who breaks UC Irvine’s impressive streak of success in the tournament.

Preview: As the Aggies enter postseason play this season, they face one of the toughest teams in the conference. The Anteaters have had a great season, going 6-1 in conference play. This was good enough to get them the second seed in the tournament.

“It should be a challenge; UC Irvine has won the past four Big West tournaments and they have the advantage of playing at home,” said head coach Jamey Wright. “We have played them close before and a late goal cost us the game.”

On the bright side, the Aggies have been playing well as of late. With two wins in a row heading into the conference tournament, UC Davis definitely has some confidence heading to Irvine.

“We’ve played well in a lot of our conference games. We’ve played well enough to win in all of the games,” Wright said. “So the combination of the two wins heading into the tournament and our conference games gives us confidence that we will do well.”

Seniors Jessica Dunn and Eggert are two of the key offensive players as they have combined to score 127 goals this season. That is roughly 47 percent of the Aggies’ total goals. The duo has also contributed 64 assists. UC Davis will need these seniors to provide leadership and results in order for them to take on the talented Anteaters.

KENNETH LING can be reached at sports@theaggie.org.

Study shows daily stress impacts mental health

If it ever seems like all the stress in your life may be driving you to the edge, it just might be.

Susan Charles, UC Irvine professor of psychology and social behavior, along with her colleagues, conducted a study investigating the long-term effects of minor stress events in people’s lives.

“If you were to ask the average educated person today about their physical and mental health … they’ll often mention such behaviors as not smoking, maintaining a balanced diet and exercising regularly, but it is unclear how many people would mention … the need to make sure they are experiencing low levels of stress,” Charles said.

Using data from two national surveys, the researchers found that participants’ negative emotional responses to daily stressors predicted psychological distress and self-reported mood disorders 10 years later. Minor stress events or daily stressors studied included getting stuck in traffic, fighting with a friend or significant other, and waiting in long lines.

“Stress on a daily basis is detrimental,” said Wesley Moons, an assistant professor in the UC Davis psychology department. “If you’re constantly stressed, you are essentially [deregulating] your physiology so your stress hormones become elevated. Hormones like cortisol will stay elevated for long periods of time which is bad for your system.”

Moons described how stress hormones impact biological function and affect cognition. In instances when the fight or flight response is necessary for survival, stress hormones and neurochemicals help prepare the body. Heart rate increases, breathing quickens, muscles contract and immunity is increased for a short term period of time.

However, with chronic stress these chemicals can suppress functions not necessary for immediate survival. Eventually your immunity is lowered and your digestive, excretory and reproductive systems stop working normally.

The effects of stress do not just manifest as imbalanced hormones; there are actual physical changes that occur inside the body as well.

“Laboratory studies [show] that increased levels of cortisol for a long period of time [are] bad for the neural cells in the hippocampus, and the size of the hippocampus will actually get smaller,” said Brian Trainor, an associate professor of psychology at UC Davis. “We know from [neuroimaging] that some mental disorders are linked with the [shrinkage] of the hippocampus.”

Trainor emphasizes that most stressors in our daily lives are within our ability to manage ourselves. Things like changing the route you take to work, not cramming for exams and staying organized are all ways to reduce our stress levels.

“When you are faced with stressors you can’t plan for, you have to develop a regulation strategy and regulate your stress.… little things like that will help people reduce their stress levels and avoid these negative outcomes,” Moons said.

There is no single regulation strategy that will work for everyone. People all deal with stress differently, and it is important for individuals to find what works best for them.

“People view stress in more extreme ways, but the truth is people experience stress for [many] reasons … and even these moderate levels of stress can accumulate and have negative consequences,” Moons said.

According to Trainor, there exists a wide range of mental disorders in which stress plays a key role.

“You don’t need a life full of trauma or a stressful job,” said Moons. “If you experience even mild levels of stress, it may be worthwhile to find a way to regulate [it] so you can avoid any potential complications down the road.”

NICOLE NOGA can be reached at science@theaggie.org.